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How to Power Up Your Workouts

At some point, I'd guess it was two years ago, I changed my workout philosophy in a subtle but important way: I stopped doing any strength exercises at a deliberate pace. Once I get past warm-up drills, I do almost every rep of every exercise as fast as I can.

The specific workouts I'm doing right now come from an upcoming book I did with Chad Waterbury, but the idea of working faster in the weight room is one that has long made sense to me. I first wrote about it in this article for Men's Health back in 2002 or 2003:

If you don't train your muscles to move fast -- a quality generally referred to as "power," to distinguish it from pure strength -- they lose the ability to do so. "As we age, the ability of our muscles to generate power decreases much faster than strength," says Rob Newton, Ph.D., an exercise researcher at Edith Cowan University in Australia.

Power is the last thing you want your muscles to lose. In middle age, muscle power helps you make that quick step to the left to avoid eating the bumper of a speeding taxi. The older you get, the more crucial it is, Newton says. One ill-timed slip or stumble can mean a broken hip, which for many seniors is truly the end of the road. Power is the difference between catching yourself after that stumble and hitting the pavement like a sack of liver-spotted potatoes.

Moreover, fast lifting is a highly underrated way to build muscle. A new study in the European Journal of Applied Physiology shows something that contradicts almost everything you've read in fitness books and magazines: Fast lifting may produce greater gains in muscle mass than slow lifting.

In this study, two dozen people lifted either fast or slowly, and each group focused on eccentric training (lowering a weight against resistance) with one arm for 8 weeks, then on concentric lifts (raising the weight) with the other arm for 8 more. The arms that lowered weights fast got the biggest gains in strength and muscle size.

One of Newton's studies showed another reason why fast lifts may build more muscle, especially if you let go of the weight or leave the ground. Newton compared two types of bench presses -- throwing the bar at the top of the lift, and holding on to it. He found that the triceps work 44 percent harder when you let go of the bar.

I bring this up because this morning's L.A. Times has a story on building power in the gym, making the same point about how it's a distinct quality from muscle strength. They quote Mark Verstegen, who explains the distinction with a much better analogy than I've seen before:

Power is the ability to exert great force in a short period of time and results in being able to move quickly and explosively, says Mark Verstegen, founder of Athletes' Performance in Tempe, Ariz. His facility specializes in training competitive athletes, teaching them, among other things, to accelerate and change direction quickly. That ability is developed by lifting weights rapidly and helps athletes move more explosively during games and other competitions.

In short, it's weight training at high speeds.

"Think of strength as dial-up Internet; it serves a great purpose but is slower to boot up when you need it most," he says. "Power is your high-speed broadband connection, ready to be used instantly on demand."

With apologies in advance to Mark, I'm going to have to borrow that description for my next book.

Convincing people to lift faster, though, won't be easy. First you have to undo decades of advice to lift slow, convincing people it's both safe and efficacious to lift things faster. Then you have to show that it's more fun and interesting than the alternative. Generally, when new gym trends catch on, they just give us goofier ways to lift slowly. (Here's a particularly egregious example -- call it "curls gone wild" -- from Tony Gentilcore's blog.)

The L.A. Times article isn't as useful as it might be in this area:

The most effective way to boost power is to lift weights rapidly. This trains muscles to contract quickly and react appropriately when it is necessary to exert force. But rapidly lifting a free-weight or piece of iron attached to a machine can cause inconsistent resistance and jerking, increasing the risk of injury to joints.

The solution's simple, right? Don't use machines. With a little practice, your body can figure out how to lift barbells and dumbbells faster without any more risk than they'd incur by lifting them slowly. Instead, though, the Times goes into a discussion of specialized machines that were designed for fast lifting (machines that Verstegen endorses and uses in his facilities), and then concludes with this:  

Mike Boyle, a Boston-based strength and conditioning coach, says there are other ways to train for speed of movement. Medicine balls, resistance bands or simply climbing stairs at a rapid pace all can be used as forms of power training.

He cautions that power training is relative: "The important point is that we need to train as fast as our clients are physically capable of going."

Boyle is absolutely right; "fast" lifting is always relative to the individual lifter. My fastest lift might be slower than an elite athlete's warm-up reps, but if I'm pushing or pulling as hard as I can, then I'm getting the desired effect.

As a bonus, I'm getting the effect with shorter and less fatiguing workouts. I'm not sure if that's a benefit the average health-club member would appreciate -- a lot of people seem to be trying to avoid fatigue altogether -- but speaking as someone who's worked out three or four times a week for the past 38 years, I'm happy to get the results I want with less time in the weight room. That leaves more time for everything else, which seems like a good deal to me.

Monday blog meat

  • I'm calling bullshit on this new study and its conclusion that men "create" seven extra hours of housework a week for their spouses. People who're deeper into a marriage will tend to live in a bigger house than they did when they first got married. It's often farther from the primary earner's place of employment, increasing the time spent commuting. That primary earner will probably make more money but also have more pressure, requiring time and focus beyond the actual hours spent in the office. It doesn't matter if the primary earner is the man or woman in a marriage (I saw a recent report showing that men don't really mind if their wife earns more than they do); either way, someone is going to have to spend more time working to pay the bills for the bigger house, and someone is going to have to spend more time taking care of the bigger house. Like everything else, it's a tradeoff; both spouses are working longer hours at something, and I'd guess few married people would choose to return to the days when they did less housework but also made less money and as a consequence had less house to work on.
  • Getting back to our main theme of doing things better and faster, here's some welcome news about a different type of house work.
  • It has nothing to do with health, fitness, or domestic bliss, but I flagged this story because of a line we'll probably never again see in a news report: "The police spokesman said the suspect was arrested `for assault with a weapon, namely the hedgehog.'"

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Moving Quickly
The only caveat I have about lifting fast, unless you are using deliberately light weights like for speed training, the weight you are lifting should be heavy enough that even tho you are trying to move it fast, its still moving slow, particularly after the first couple of reps.  And BTW, theres no f-n way I'm going to throw a loaded barbell that I may miss and have it come crashing down on my head/throat/chest.

by kadill on Apr 7, 2008 9:01 AM EDT   0 recs

Good point
I think the consensus right now is that the weight has to be at least 60 percent of your one-rep max on any given exercise to see results, whether you're lifting it fast or slow. Otherwise, your body will sense that the weight is "light" and won't recruit all the motor units (bundles of muscle fibers + the nerve cells that activate them) that you're trying to develop.

Obviously, if you're lifting 95 percent of that 1RM, the bar's doing to move slow, no matter what speed you're trying to use. The very idea of selecting your rep speed at that level of intensity is moot; there's really only one way you can lift it, and that's by trying as hard as you can to make the bar move.

It's where you get down to lower levels of intensity that lifting speed can make a difference in motor-unit recruitment (which in turn affects power, strength, and muscle growth). As Chad Waterbury explains it, if you work with 75 percent of your 1RM but grind out reps and take each set of each exercise to "failure," you end up sore and fatigued without actually recruiting all of your high-threshold motor units.

You could use the same weight but hit more motor units by working faster, and by stopping your set when your rep speed slows down noticeably. The result, in theory, is bigger muscles, and better muscle quality (performance ability per unit of muscle tissue), with less soreness, less fatigue, and less time spent in the gym.

by Lou Schuler on Apr 7, 2008 10:47 AM EDT to parent up   0 recs

fast lift guide?
What's a good place to get some info about how to do fast lifting -- illustrations, etc? Is it just regular lifts done as fast as possible?  We have to wait for your book, don't we?

by pak202 on Apr 7, 2008 10:29 AM EDT   0 recs

yes and no
The book I worked on with Chad is scheduled to come out around Christmas, last I heard. (Chad's the author; I'm totally behind the scenes on that project.)

When I said "my next book," I was referring to the next one as primary author, and I confess I've barely started working on that proposal. That one's two years away, at least.

Here's a site that has lots of information and video demos:

http://www.exrx.net/Exercise.html

Also, if you check out this program, you see a lot of the exercises that either require or allow fast rep speeds:

http://www.exrx.net/WeightTraining/Weightlifting/BasicWeightLifting.html

(The workout itself, designed by Mike Stone, is for competitive weightlifters, not gym rats like us. But you probably could've guessed that by the fact it requires two workouts a day!)

Finally, here's a directly that will take you to the exercise demos:

http://www.exrx.net/Lists/PowerExercises.html

The clean is probably the best example of an exercise you have to do fast:

http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/OlympicLifts/Clean.html

It takes a while to learn (I didn't really to do it correctly until a trainer at my gym showed me just a couple of years ago), but I think it's worth it. A few sets of cleans is almost a full workout all by itself.
 

by Lou Schuler on Apr 7, 2008 11:01 AM EDT to parent up   0 recs

On launching the bar
Here's a story about Adam Archuleta (NFL defensive back -- Rams, Redskins, Bears).

The story mentioned he did 31 reps of 225 during the NFL Combine. What it didn't say --- but implied --- was that he released the bar at the top of the lift.

by Rob in Denver on Apr 7, 2008 10:58 AM EDT   0 recs

Great Post Lou!
Since adopting this training philosophy my recovery rate and overall wellbeing have improved dramatically.

For a long time I lifted long and slow. Almost all of my weight training these days is Kettlebell based but the explosive / fast rule applies to all lifts. Weight dictates actual speed but the intent is the same.

I've been injury free now for 2 years and I put lot of it down to training this way.

Rannoch

by Rannoch on Apr 8, 2008 4:25 AM EDT   0 recs

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